PHARMACOLOGY-III Unit III Notes

 

UNIT III

[i] Anti-tubercular Agents:-

Synthetic anti- tubercular agents:- Isoniozid*, Ethionamide, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Para amino salicylic acid*.

(i) Isoniozid:-

1)    It is an antibiotic used in  treatment of tuberculosis.

2)    used to treat only bacterial infections.

3)    Taken by mouth on empty stomach (1 hour before or 2 hours after meals).

Mechanism of action:-

1)    It is  selective for mycobacteria.

2)    inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.

3)    And  interferes with cell wall synthesis.

Uses :-

1)    It is an antibiotic that fights bacteria.

2)    used to treat and  prevent tuberculosis. ( Bacteriostatic)

3)    It will not work for viral infections ( common cold, flu).

Side effects :-

1)    nausea

2)    vomiting

3)    loss of appetite

4)    diarrhea

5)    abdominal pain

(Write Same for all other drugs )

 

 

Anti-tubercular antibiotics:- Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Cycloserine Streptomycine, Capreomycin sulphate.

Rifampicin:-

1)    Used with other medicines to treat tuberculosis.

2)    Used to treat and prevent tuberculosis.

Mechanism of action:-

1)    inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase,

2)    RNA synthesis stops and cell death.

3)    and tuberculosis can cure.

Uses :-

1) It is an antibiotic that fights bacteria.

2) Used to treat and  prevent tuberculosis. ( Bacteriostatic)

3) It will not work for viral infections ( common cold, flu)

 Side effects :-

   Upset stomach, heartburn, nausea, menstrual changes, or headache.

(Write Same for all other drugs )

 

 

[ii] Antileprotic agents :-

(Write Same as Antitubercular agent)

 

 

 

[iii] Antifungal agents:-

   Antifungal antibiotics:-  Amphotericin-B, Nystatin, Natamycin, Griseofulvin.

(i) Amphotericin-B:-

1.     It is an antifungal drug

2.     used to treat fungal infections.

3.     it is used to treat mucormycosis, aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis.

Mechanism of action:-

1.     bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes .

2.     and create holes in the membrane  and cell death.

     (Write more by own language)

      (write Same for Nystatin).

(ii) Natamycin:-

1)                is an antifungal drug.

2)                used to treat fungal infections around the eye.

  Mechanism of action:-

         ( Same as Amphotericin-B)

        (Write more by own language)

(iii) Griseofulvin:-

inhibit fungal cell mitosis and nuclear acid synthesis (mechanism of actions)

    (other points same as Amphotericin-B)

 

 

Synthetic Antifungal agents:- Clotrimazole, Econazole, Butoconazole,

Oxiconazole Tioconozole, Miconazole*, Ketoconazole, Terconazole,

Itraconazole, Fluconazole, Naftifine hydrochloride, Tolnaftate

 

Clotrimazole:-

1.     It is an antifungal drug

2.     It is fungistatic or fungicidal depending on the concentration.

3.     used to treat fungal infections.

   Uses :-

1.     It is used to treat vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush.

2.     Used to treat different types of ringworms.

   Mechanism of action:-

1.     damages  permeability barrier of fungal cytoplasmic membrane.

2.     inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol.

    (Write more by own language)

    (Same same for all remaining drugs)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[iv] Antiviral agents:- Amantadine hydrochloride, Rimantadine hydrochloride, Idoxuridine trifluoride, Acyclovir*, Gancyclovir, Zidovudine, Didanosine, Zalcitabine,Lamivudine, Loviride, Delavirding, Ribavirin, Saquinavir, Indinavir,Ritonavir.

 

1. Amantadine hydrochloride:-

1)    It is an antiviral drug.

2)    Used in symptoms of Parkinson's disease (a disorder of the nervous system that causes difficulties with movement, muscle control, and balance).

3)    Used in different types of flu (influenza A).

 

Mechanism of action:-

1)    interferes with the release of nucleic acid of virus.

2)    and kills Virus.

3)    It acts as a nicotinic antagonist, dopamine agonist.

(Write more by own language)

(Same for Rimantadine hydrochloride).

2. Idoxuridine trifluoride:-

1.     It is an anti-herpes virus drug.

2.     It prevents the replication of the herpes  virus.

3.     also used in viral infections of the eye.

4.     Inhibit DNA synthesis .

    (Write more by own language)

    (write Same for Acyclovir).

 

 

3. Gancyclovir:-

1.     Used to treat infections caused by cytomegalovirus  (eye infection that can cause blindness)

2.     Used in people whose immune system is not working normally.

3.     Prevent AIDS-related cytomegalovirus infections.

4.     Inhibit the replication of viral DNA.

4. Zidovudine:-

1.     Used in treatment of HIV infection.

2.     Used in pregnant women to prevent passing of HIV virus to the unborn baby.

3.     inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme.

    (Write more by own language)

    (Same same for all remaining drugs and other drugs also used in hepatitis c).

 

[V] Anthelmintics:-  Diethylcarbamazine citrate*, Thiabendazole, Mebendazole*,Albendazole, Niclosamide, Oxamniquine, Praziquantal, Ivermectin.

1. Diethylcarbamazine citrate:-

1.     It is an anthelmintic agent.

2.     used to treat parasitic diseases caused by roundworms.

3.     including lymphatic filariasis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, and loiasis.

    Mechanism of action:-

1.     inhibit  arachidonic acid metabolism in microfilariae.

2.     and also kill worms.

2. Thiabendazole:-

      inhibits fumarate reductase enzyme.

  3. Mebendazole:-

      inhibit production of microtubules.

    (Write more by own language)

    (Same same for all remaining drugs)

 

 

[VI] Antimalarial drugs:-

Quinine, Quinidine, Mefloquine, Primaquine, Lumefantrine, and Halofantrine

1. Quinine:

1)    Used to treat and prevent malaria.

2)    It is antiparasitic chemical agent.

  Mechanism of action:-

1)    Quinine inhibits  nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, and glycolysis.

2)    Quinine and quinidine also inhibit formation of beta-haematin which is a toxic product .

 2. Quinidine:

          (Write ✍ same as Quinine)

 3. Mefloquine:

         Inhibit merozoite invasion.(Mechanism …write more same as Quinine)

               (Write ✍ Same for all other drugs)

[V] Anti-amoebic Agent: -

Classification of Anti-amoebic drugs:

1. Drugs effective in intestinal or luminal or local amoebiosis

1)    Diloxanide

2)    lodoquinolone

2. Drugs effective only in tussue or hepatic amoebiosis

1)    Chloroquine

2)    Dihydroemetine

3. Drugs effective in both intestinal and Hepatic amoebiosis

1)    Metronidazole

2)    Tinidazole

3)    Ornidazole.

1. Diloxanide:

1)    Used to treat amoeba infections.

2)    Used in treatment of asymptomatic intestinal amebiasis.

   Mechanism of action:-

mechanism of action of diloxanide is unknown.

2. lodoquinolone:

                 (Same as above)

3. Chloroquine:

Inhibits the autophagy process in amoeba ( mechanism..write more as Diloxanide )

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