PHARMACOLOGY-III Unit IV Notes

 

UNIT-IV

Urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases:-

1. Urinary tract infections:

1)    It is an infection of any part of your urinary system  (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra).

2)    Most infections causes to lower urinary tract ,bladder and the urethra.

3)    Womens have more risk than are men.

  Symptoms:

1) A burning sensation while urination.

2) small amounts of urine

3) Urine appears cloudy

4) Red, bright pink colored urine.

5) Strong-smelling urine.

   Antibiotic Used in UTI :

         Azithromycin ,Trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin.

            (Write ✍ more by own language )

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Sexually transmitted diseases:-   (STD’s )

1)    HIV/AIDS

2)    Syphilis

3)    Human papillomavirus (HPV)

4)    Gonorrhoea

  1. HIV/AIDS:     (Human immunodeficiency virus)

1)    The virus is transmitted by blood, semen and vaginal fluids.

2)    If HIV is not treated, it converts into AIDS.  (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

3)    HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system. AIDS happens after patient has HIV infection for many years.

     Symptoms :

1)    flu-like symptoms.

2)    Fever

3)    sore throat.

4)    fatigue.

       Stages:   (assuming no treatment)

1)    Stage 1: Infection.

2)    Stage 2: Asymptomatic.

3)    Stage 3: Symptomatic.

4)    Stage 4: AIDS.

                 (Write ✍ stages by own language)

  2. Syphilis:

1)    Syphilis is sexually transmitted infection (STI).

2)    It is cured by antibiotics.

    Symptoms: (Same as HIV)

Stages:

1)    Primary.

2)    Secondary.

3)    Latent.

4)    Tertiary.

          (Write ✍ stages by own language)

3. Human papillomavirus: (HPV)

1)    It is common viral infection of reproductive tract.

2)    Also can cause cancers later.

3)    There is no cure for the virus.

4)    Most cases body produces  antibodies against virus and clear the virus within one to two years.

5)    HPV strains: HPV 16 and HPV 18. (There are more than 100 types of HPV)

6)    HPV 6 and HPV 11 are low-risk types of HPV.

 

  4. Gonorrhoea:

1)    It is sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

2)    can be easily treated and cured.

3)    If not treated causes infertility.

Symptoms:

1)    Urgency of urination.

2)    Swelling or redness at the opening of the penis.

3)    Swelling or pain in the testicles.

4)    Sore throat.

 

 

Chemotherapy of malignancy:-

1.     Presence of cancerous cells that have the ability to spread on different parts of  body Called malignancy.

2.     Malignancy is most common  characterization of cancer.

3.     Our body divide cellsdivide regularly called as cell division and we grow up.

4.     our body controls cell division

5.     So, cancer is the uncontrolled cell division which causes tumor.

6.     Cancer patients become weak due to all nutrients goes to cancer genic cells.

Treatment:

1.     Surgery (tumor cut down)

2.     Radiation( cancer cells kills by radiation)

3.     Chemotherapy (example: antineoplastic drugs)

Symptoms:

1.     Tumor

2.     Weakness

3.     Restlessness

Causes or etiology:

1.     Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals and radiation.

2.     Genetic factor.

3.     Lifestyle :food nutrient sexual habit smoking drinking

4.     Occupation: people which surrounded by Chemicals and inhale through nose and mouth.

 

 

 

 

Types:

1.     Carcoma: Cancer that starts in skin

2.     Sarcoma: Cancer that starts in bone cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels and other connective tissue

3.     Leucoma: Cancer that start in blood forming tissue like bone marrow.

4.     Lymphoma/myeoloma : cancer that starts in the cells of immune system .

Antineoplastic drugs:

1.     These are drugs used to treat cancer

2.     These drugs are also called as anticancer drug, Chemotherapy or hazardous drugs.

(Write ✍ More by own language )

 

(In this Point Write about Cancer,types,symptoms,chemotherapy drugs(antineoplastic drugs) used and this drug information )

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Immunopharmacology:-

1.    Immunostimulants

2.    Immunosuppressant.

 

Immunostimulants:

Examples: bacterial vaccines, colony stimulating factors, interferons, viral vaccines interleukins, therapeutic vaccines, vaccine combinations and.

1)    Immunostimulants are substances that stimulates immune system.

2)    increases activity of components of immune system .

Bacterial vaccines:

1)    It contains killed or partially killed bacteria,

2)    So, immune system activates.

3)    Antibodies are built against that particular bacteria

4)    and prevents bacterial infection later.

(Write ✍ More by own language )

Colony stimulating factors:

1)    A substance that stimulates the production of blood cells (WBC,RBC).

2)    So, WBC increases and immune system Increases.

 

Interferons:

They are secreted by infected cells and activate immune system.

They tell immune system that germs or cancer cells are present in your body.

 

 

Viral vaccines:

1)    It contains killed or partially killed bacteria. ( Common point)

2)    So, immune system activates. ( Common point)

3)    Antibodies are built against that particular Virus.  ( Common point)

4)    and prevents Viral infection later.

(Write ✍ More by own language )

(Write ✍ More for other drugs same as above )

 

2. Immunosuppressant.

1.     Prednisone.

2.     Cyclosporines

3.     Cyclophosphamide

4.     Sirolimus

5.     Azathioprine

1) Prednisone:

1)    Used to suppress immune system and decrease inflammation.

2)    Used in asthma, COPD, allergic conditions.

 Mechanism of action:

1)    It works by weakening your immune system.

2)    This action blocks chemicals causes inflammation.

 Side effects :

Ø headache.

Ø dizziness.

Ø difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

Ø extreme changes in mood.

Ø changes in personality. 

          (Write ✍ More for other drugs same as above ).

Protein drugs:-

    Examples: Etanercept,Bevacizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab

1)    It is type of drug made by protein.

2)    Also called as “therapeutic protein”.

3)    Used in cancer, autoimmunity, genetic disorders.

4)     

(Write ✍ More by own language no more information found)

 

 Monoclonal antibodies:-

1)    These are like natural antibodies.

2)    These are proteins made in laboratory Used to fight a particular infection.

3)    Bind to antigens on the surface of cancer cells.

4)    Used in Covid-19 infections.

5)    Mechanism : (Same as Natural antibodies )

          (Write ✍ More by own language no more information found)

 

  Target drugs to antigen:-

1)    Designed to identify and attack cells that have a particular type of CD antigens.

2)    they can attack only type of cell that contains the specific target CD antigens

3)    improve drug-delivery efficacy.

4)    Reduce side effects and lower the treatment costs.

                             (Write ✍ More by own language no more information found)

Biosimilars:-

1)     Biosimilars are not new drugs, but they are copies of original drug.

2)     Manufactured when the original product patent expires.

3)    Biosimilars have safe,effective treatment options.

4)    Biosimilars provides more treatment options.

                          (Write ✍ More by own language)

 

---------------------------------------------END OF UNIT 4 -------------------------------------------