UNIT-V
Principles of toxicology:-
Q. Definition and basic knowledge of acute, subacute and chronic toxicity
Ans:
1. Acute toxicity:
⦁ Adverse effects of a substance caused by single or multiple exposures in a short period.
⦁ Example : over consumption of alcohol and “hangovers”.
⦁ Causes harmful effect on body.
⦁ Used to determine dose that produces serious toxic effects.
Symptoms :
⦁ Swelling of the skin.
⦁ Severe pain.
⦁ Ulcers (sores)
⦁ Necrosis (death of the skin)
⦁ Peeling of the skin.
Subacute toxicity :
⦁ Adverse effects of a substance caused by repeated or continuous administration of a test sample.
⦁ Causes harmful effect on body.
⦁ Used to determine new drug potential adverse effects.
Symptoms : Nausea, vomiting,heartburn, abdominal pain, diarrhea with bloody stool.
Chronic toxicity:
⦁ Adverse effects of a substance caused by repeated or continuous administration of a test sample.
⦁ Example: cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
⦁ Causes harmful effect on body.
⦁ Symptoms: confusion, tremor, memory loss, poor concentration.
Q. Definition and basic knowledge of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity.
Ans:
1. genotoxicity:
⦁ Chemical agents that damages the genetic information.
⦁ It can causes cancer.
⦁ Can causes heritable changes.
⦁ These changes can passes from one generation to another generation.
2. Carcinogenicity:
⦁ Any substance or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis.
⦁ So, formation of cancer starts.
⦁ Example: environmental or medical radiation, smoke, and even some viruses and medications.
3.Teratogenicity:
⦁ Ability of substance that causes defects in a developing fetus.
⦁ Side effect of many drugs such as thalidomide.
⦁ Causes Pregnancy complications.
4. Mutagenicity:
⦁ Permanent changes in genetic material of cells.
⦁ Types: physical mutagens, chemical mutagens, or biological mutagens.
⦁ Examples of mutagens: include radioactive substances, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, and certain chemicals.
Q. General principles of treatment of poisoning
Ans:
⦁ Removal of unabsorbed poison from body.
⦁ Stops source of poison.
⦁ Antidotes.
⦁ Elimination of absorbed poison.
⦁ Treatment of general symptoms.
(Write ✍ More by own language)
Q. Clinical Symptoms and management of barbiturates, morphine, organophosphosphorus compound and lead, mercury and arsenic poisoning.
Ans:
1. Barbiturates : (Poisoning)
Symptoms:
⦁ Difficulty in thinking
⦁ temperature decreased
⦁ weak pulse rate
⦁ poor coordination
⦁ muscle weakness
⦁ and dilated or contracted pupils.
Management/treatment :
⦁ There is no direct antidote for barbiturates.
⦁ support person for breathing and blood pressure.
⦁ Multiple doses of charcoal may be required.
2. Morphine:
Symptoms:
⦁ Cold
⦁ Blurry vision.
⦁ Nausea.
⦁ Vomiting.
⦁ Severe constipation.
⦁ irregular breathing.
Management/treatment:
⦁ Antidote of opioid overdose is Naloxone.
⦁ Antidote reverses the effect of poison.
⦁ Naloxone can be administered.
3. Organophosphosphorus compound:
Symptoms:
⦁ Increased saliva
⦁ tear production
⦁ small pupils
⦁ sweating
⦁ muscle tremors
⦁ confusion
Management/treatment:
⦁ Atropine and benzodiazepines can be given.
⦁ It block muscarinic overstimulation.
4. Lead:
Symptoms:
⦁ Abdominal pain
⦁ Nausea
⦁ Vomiting
⦁ Diarrhea
⦁ constipation .
Management/treatment:
Calcium disodium EDTA used for treatment of lead poisoning.
5. Mercury:
Symptoms:
⦁ excessive shyness
⦁ memory loss
⦁ nervousness
⦁ insomnia
⦁ neuromuscular changes.
Management/treatment:
⦁ There is no antidote for mercury but chelation therapy is used in some cases.
⦁ Removal of the patient from exposure to mercury.
6. Arsenic poisoning:
Symptoms:
⦁ Metallic taste in the mouth
⦁ garlicky breath
⦁ excess saliva.
Management/treatment:
Dimercaprol used in arsenic poisoning.
Chronopharmacology:-
Q.Definition of rhythm and cycles
Ans:
Rhythm: Natural cycle of body which causes change in chemical secretion and functions.
Cycles: Series of events that repeated regularly in the same order.
Q.Biological clock and their significance leading to chronotherapy.
Ans:
⦁ Mechanism that controls the physiological activities
⦁ Changes in season such as day or night.
⦁ every tissue and organ contains biological clocks.
Significance:
⦁ Play a vital role in cell proliferation and apoptosis.
⦁ abnormal function of genes could result in tumor development.
⦁ Makes body strong during changes in temperature or in any situation.
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