Pharmacology I
Unit I
2 marks Important Questions PDF Download
Q1: What is Pharmacology, and how has it evolved over time?
A1: Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms. It has evolved through historical milestones, expanding its scope to encompass various drug-related aspects.
Q2: What are the different routes of drug administration?
A2: Drugs can be administered through various routes, such as oral (through the mouth), intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and topical (applied on the skin).
Q3: What is the difference between agonists and antagonists in pharmacology?
A3: Agonists are drugs that activate receptors in the body, producing a specific response, while antagonists block the receptor's activation, preventing a response.
Q4: Explain the concept of spare receptors in pharmacology.
A4: Spare receptors are extra receptors beyond the minimum needed for a maximum response. Even if some receptors are blocked, a full response can still occur due to these spare receptors.
Q5: Define addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, and allergy in pharmacology.
A5: Addiction is a psychological and physical dependence on a drug. Tolerance is the reduced response to a drug after prolonged use. Dependence is reliance on a drug to function normally. Tachyphylaxis is a rapid decrease in response to a drug after initial administration. Idiosyncrasy refers to an unusual or unexpected reaction to a drug. Allergy is an adverse immune response to a drug.
Q6: What factors influence the absorption of drugs in the body?
A6: The absorption of drugs is influenced by factors such as drug formulation, route of administration, blood flow to the site of absorption, and solubility of the drug.
Q7: Explain the process of drug distribution in the body.
A7: Drug distribution involves the movement of a drug from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs throughout the body, influenced by factors like tissue permeability and blood flow.
Q8: What is meant by enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition in pharmacokinetics?
A8: Enzyme induction is when a drug increases the activity of specific enzymes, leading to increased drug metabolism. Enzyme inhibition is when a drug reduces the activity of enzymes, slowing down drug metabolism.
Q9: Describe the concept of kinetics of drug elimination.
A9: Kinetics of drug elimination refers to the rate at which drugs are removed from the body through processes like metabolism and excretion.
Q10: How does pharmacology play a role in determining essential drugs?
A10: Pharmacology helps identify essential drugs, which are considered necessary for a basic healthcare system, based on their therapeutic importance and safety profile.
Q11: What are the implications of drug idiosyncrasy in patient management?
A11: Drug idiosyncrasy can lead to unexpected adverse reactions, making it crucial for healthcare professionals to monitor patients closely for any unusual responses to medications.
Q12: How can understanding pharmacokinetics help optimize drug therapy?
A12: Knowledge of pharmacokinetics helps in determining appropriate drug dosing, frequency, and duration to achieve the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing side effects.
Q13: What are some challenges in drug administration through the oral route?
A13: Challenges in oral drug administration include variations in absorption due to food interactions, first-pass metabolism, and patient compliance.
Q14: How do antagonists impact the pharmacological response?
A14: Antagonists inhibit receptor activation, leading to a reduction or blockage of the pharmacological response to a particular drug.
Q15: Explain the significance of enzyme inhibition in drug interactions.
A15: Enzyme inhibition can result in altered drug metabolism and potential drug interactions when two or more drugs are metabolized by the same enzyme system.
Q16: How can the concept of tolerance influence drug therapy?
A16: Tolerance may require increasing drug doses over time to maintain the same therapeutic effect, which can impact treatment effectiveness and safety.
Q17: What is the importance of understanding drug metabolism in drug design?
A17: Understanding drug metabolism helps in designing drugs with optimal pharmacokinetic properties, ensuring appropriate dosing and duration of action.
Q18: How can knowledge of drug excretion help manage drug toxicity?
A18: Understanding drug excretion pathways can aid in monitoring drug levels and adjusting doses to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity.
Q19: What are some factors that contribute to individual differences in drug response?
A19: Factors like genetic variations, age, sex, and underlying health conditions can lead to individual differences in drug response, influencing drug efficacy and safety.
Q20: How can the spare receptor concept be utilized in drug development?
A20: Utilizing the spare receptor concept can guide the development of drugs that target specific receptors, even when receptor occupancy is not 100%, thus potentially reducing side effects.